Maciaszek L.A. and Liong B.L. (2005):
Practical Software Engineering
Addison Wesley, 864p.

Preface.............................................................................................................. I

The Book's Story...................................................................................................................... I

The Book Outline and Organization......................................................................................... I

Distinguishing Features........................................................................................................ III

Intended Readership............................................................................................................... V

Supplementary Materials......................................................................................................... V

Acknowledgements................................................................................................................ VI

Part A - Software Projects................................................................................ 1

1      Software Development Lifecycle.............................................................. 3

1.1    Software Engineering Quintessence.................................................................................. 4

1.1.1    Software System Is Less Than Enterprise Information System.............................................................. 5

1.1.2    Software Process Is Part Of Business Process......................................................................................... 6

1.1.3    Software Engineering Is Different From Traditional Engineering....................................................... 7

1.1.4    Software Engineering Is More Than Programming................................................................................ 8

1.1.5    Software Engineering Is About Modeling............................................................................................... 9

1.1.6    Software System Is Complex.................................................................................................................. 10

1.2       Lifecycle Phases........................................................................................................... 12

1.2.1    Requirements Analysis............................................................................................................................ 13

1.2.2    System Design.......................................................................................................................................... 14

1.2.3    Implementation....................................................................................................................................... 15

1.2.4    Integration and Deployment.................................................................................................................. 16

1.2.5    Operation and Maintenance................................................................................................................... 18

1.3       Lifecycle Models.......................................................................................................... 18

1.3.1    Waterfall Lifecycle With Feedback......................................................................................................... 19

1.3.2    Iterative Lifecycle With Increments....................................................................................................... 21

1.3.2.1     Spiral Model...................................................................................................................................... 23

1.3.2.2     Rational Unified Process (RUP)...................................................................................................... 24

1.3.2.3     Model Driven Architecture (MDA)................................................................................................. 25

1.3.2.4     Agile Lifecycle With Short Cycles.................................................................................................... 27

Summary................................................................................................................................ 28

Key Terms.............................................................................................................................. 30

Review Questions................................................................................................................... 31

2      Software Modeling Language................................................................. 33

2.1       Structured Modeling Language.................................................................................... 34

2.1.1    Data Flow Modeling............................................................................................................................... 34

2.1.2    Entity-Relationship Modeling................................................................................................................ 37

2.2       Object-Oriented Modeling Language........................................................................... 39

2.2.1    Class Diagrams........................................................................................................................................ 39

2.2.2    Use Case Diagrams.................................................................................................................................. 44

2.2.3    Interaction Diagrams.............................................................................................................................. 46

2.2.3.1     Sequence Diagrams........................................................................................................................... 46

2.2.3.2     Collaboration (Communication) Diagrams.................................................................................... 48

2.2.4    Statechart Diagrams................................................................................................................................ 49

2.2.5    Activity Diagrams.................................................................................................................................... 51

2.2.6    Implementation Diagrams...................................................................................................................... 52

2.2.6.1     Component Diagrams...................................................................................................................... 53

2.2.6.2     Deployment Diagrams..................................................................................................................... 55

Summary................................................................................................................................ 56

Key Terms.............................................................................................................................. 57

Review Questions................................................................................................................... 58

Problem-Solving Exercises...................................................................................................... 59

3      Software Engineering Tools.................................................................... 61

3.1       Project Management Tools.......................................................................................... 62

3.1.1    Project Scheduling and Controlling....................................................................................................... 63

3.1.2    Aligning Project and Performance Management with Strategic Objectives........................................ 64

3.1.3    Unifying Project Management with Web-Based Collaboration and Content Management............... 65

3.1.4    Unifying Project Management with Web-Based Portfolio Management............................................. 66

3.1.5    Integrating Project Management with Metrics...................................................................................... 68

3.1.6    Integrating Project Management with Risk Management..................................................................... 70

3.2       System Modeling Tools................................................................................................ 73

3.2.1    Managing Requirements.......................................................................................................................... 74

3.2.2    Visual UML Modeling............................................................................................................................. 79

3.2.3    Report Generation.................................................................................................................................. 81

3.2.4    Database Modeling.................................................................................................................................. 82

3.3       Integrated Development Environments........................................................................ 83

3.3.1    Routine Programming Tasks.................................................................................................................. 84

3.3.1.1     Writing the Program........................................................................................................................ 85

3.3.1.2     Executing the Program.................................................................................................................... 89

3.3.1.3     Debugging the Program................................................................................................................... 89

3.3.2    Integration with Software Modeling...................................................................................................... 92

3.3.3    Enterprise Application Development.................................................................................................... 93

3.3.4    Integration with Business Components................................................................................................. 94

3.3.5    Integration with Change and Configuration Management................................................................... 96

3.4       Change and Configuration Management Tools............................................................ 98

3.4.1    Support for Changes............................................................................................................................... 99

3.4.2    Support for Versions............................................................................................................................ 101

3.4.3    Support for System Building................................................................................................................. 102

3.4.4    Support for Reengineering................................................................................................................... 104

Summary............................................................................................................................... 106

Key Terms............................................................................................................................. 107

Review Questions.................................................................................................................. 108

Problem-Solving Exercises.................................................................................................... 108

4      Software Project Planning and Tracking............................................... 112

4.1       Project Plan Development........................................................................................... 112

4.2       Project Scheduling...................................................................................................... 116

4.2.1    Tasks, Milestones and Deliverables...................................................................................................... 116

4.2.2    Task Scheduling in Bar Chart............................................................................................................... 118

4.2.3    Resources and Resource Calendars...................................................................................................... 120

4.2.4    Effort-driven Scheduling in Bar Chart................................................................................................ 122

4.2.5    Resource Underallocation and Overallocation.................................................................................... 123

4.3       Project Budget Estimation......................................................................................... 126

4.3.1    Schedule-driven Budget Estimation..................................................................................................... 127

4.3.2    Algorithmic Budget Estimation............................................................................................................ 132

4.3.2.1     Principles of Algorithmic Models................................................................................................. 132

4.3.2.2     COCOMO 81................................................................................................................................. 133

4.3.2.3     COCOMO II.................................................................................................................................. 135

4.4       Tracking Project Progress........................................................................................... 138

4.4.1    Tracking the Schedule........................................................................................................................... 139

4.4.2    Tracking the Budget.............................................................................................................................. 142

4.4.2.1     Actual Costs from Schedule........................................................................................................... 142

4.4.2.2     Actual Costs from Accounting...................................................................................................... 144

4.4.2.3     Earned Value.................................................................................................................................. 147

Summary............................................................................................................................... 149

Key Terms............................................................................................................................. 151

Review Questions.................................................................................................................. 151

Problem-Solving Exercises.................................................................................................... 152

5      Software Process Management.............................................................. 155

5.1       People Management................................................................................................... 157

5.1.1    Acquiring and Motivating People........................................................................................................ 157

5.1.1.1     Team Creation................................................................................................................................ 158

5.1.1.2     Motivational Theories.................................................................................................................... 159

5.1.2    Project Communications...................................................................................................................... 160

5.1.2.1     Forms of Communication............................................................................................................. 160

5.1.2.2     Lines of Communication............................................................................................................... 161

5.1.2.3     Factors in Communication............................................................................................................ 162

5.1.2.4     Communication in Conflict Resolution........................................................................................ 163

5.1.3    Team Development............................................................................................................................... 164

5.2       Risk Management...................................................................................................... 165

5.2.1    Risk Identification................................................................................................................................. 165

5.2.2    Risk Assessment.................................................................................................................................... 166

5.2.3    Risk Handling........................................................................................................................................ 169

5.3       Quality Management.................................................................................................. 170

5.3.1    Software Qualities.................................................................................................................................. 171

5.3.2    Quality Control...................................................................................................................................... 173

5.3.2.1     Software Testing............................................................................................................................. 173

5.3.2.2     Testing Techniques......................................................................................................................... 175

5.3.2.3     Test Planning.................................................................................................................................. 177

5.3.3    Quality Assurance.................................................................................................................................. 179

5.3.3.1     Checklists........................................................................................................................................ 179

5.3.3.2     Reviews............................................................................................................................................ 180

5.3.3.3     Audits.............................................................................................................................................. 181

5.4       Change and Configuration Management.................................................................... 181

5.4.1    Requirements Changes.......................................................................................................................... 182

5.4.2    Artifact Versions................................................................................................................................... 184

5.4.3    Defects and Enhancements.................................................................................................................. 186

5.4.4    Metrics.................................................................................................................................................... 189

Summary............................................................................................................................... 192

Key Terms............................................................................................................................. 193

Review Questions.................................................................................................................. 194

Part B - From Requirements via Architectural Design to Software Release...................................................................................................................... 196

6      Business Object Model......................................................................... 198

6.1       Advertising Expenditure Measurement - The Business............................................... 199

6.2       Business Context Diagram......................................................................................... 199

6.3       Business Use Case Model.......................................................................................... 200

6.3.1    Business Use Cases and Business Actors.............................................................................................. 200

6.3.2    Business Use Case Model for Advertising Expenditure Measurement.............................................. 201

6.3.3    Alternative Business Use Case Model for Advertising Expenditure Measurement........................... 203

6.4       Business Glossary...................................................................................................... 204

6.4.1    Business Glossary for Advertising Expenditure Measurement........................................................... 205

6.5       Business Class Model................................................................................................ 206

6.5.1    Business Entities.................................................................................................................................... 206

6.5.2    Business Class Model for Advertising Expenditure Measurement..................................................... 207

6.5.3    Alternative Business Class Model for Advertising Expenditure Measurement................................. 208

Summary............................................................................................................................... 209

Key Terms............................................................................................................................. 209

Review Questions.................................................................................................................. 210

Problem-Solving Exercises..................................................................................................... 211

7      Domain Object Model........................................................................... 214

7.1       Contact Management - The Domain.......................................................................... 215

7.2       Domain Use Case Model............................................................................................ 215

7.2.1    Use Cases and Actors............................................................................................................................ 216

7.2.2    Use Case Relationships......................................................................................................................... 216

7.2.3    Use Case Model for Contact Management.......................................................................................... 217

7.2.4    Alternative Use Case Model for Contact Management....................................................................... 219

7.3       Domain Glossary........................................................................................................ 221

7.3.1    Domain Glossary for Contact Management........................................................................................ 221

7.4       Domain Class Model.................................................................................................. 223

7.4.1    Classes and Attributes........................................................................................................................... 224

7.4.2    Class Relationships................................................................................................................................ 225

7.4.3    Class Model for Contact Management................................................................................................. 226

7.4.4    Alternative Class Model for Contact Management............................................................................. 227

Summary............................................................................................................................... 229

Key Terms............................................................................................................................. 229

Review Questions................................................................................................................. 230

Problem-Solving Exercises.................................................................................................... 231

8      Iteration 1 Requirements and Object Model........................................ 234

8.1       Use Case Model......................................................................................................... 235

8.2       Use Case Document................................................................................................... 236

8.2.1    Brief Description, Preconditions and Postconditions........................................................................ 237

8.2.2    Basic Flow.............................................................................................................................................. 238

8.2.3    Subflows................................................................................................................................................. 239

8.2.4    Exception Flows.................................................................................................................................... 242

8.3       Conceptual Classes.................................................................................................... 243

8.4       Supplementary Specification....................................................................................... 244

Summary............................................................................................................................... 247

Key Terms............................................................................................................................. 247

Review Questions................................................................................................................. 248

Problem-Solving Exercises.................................................................................................... 248

9      Architectural Design............................................................................. 250

9.1       Architectural Layers and Dependency Management................................................... 250

9.1.1    Architectural Modules........................................................................................................................... 251

9.1.1.1     Design Classes................................................................................................................................. 251

9.1.1.2     Packages.......................................................................................................................................... 252

9.1.2    Package Dependencies.......................................................................................................................... 253

9.1.3    Layer Dependencies.............................................................................................................................. 254

9.1.4    Class Dependencies............................................................................................................................... 256

9.1.5    Inheritance Dependencies.................................................................................................................... 257

9.1.5.1     Inheritance without Polymorphism............................................................................................... 260

9.1.5.2     Extension and Restriction Inheritance.......................................................................................... 261

9.1.5.3     Down-calls...................................................................................................................................... 261

9.1.5.4     Up-calls............................................................................................................................................ 262

9.1.6    Method Dependencies.......................................................................................................................... 263

9.1.6.1     Method Dependencies in Presence of Delegation....................................................................... 264

9.1.6.2     Method Dependencies in Presence of Implementation Inheritance........................................... 265

9.1.7    Interfaces............................................................................................................................................... 267

9.1.7.1     Implementation Dependency........................................................................................................ 268

9.1.7.2     Usage Dependency......................................................................................................................... 269

9.1.7.3     Breaking Circular Dependencies with Interfaces.......................................................................... 269

9.1.8    Event Processing................................................................................................................................... 271

9.1.8.1     Event Processing and Layer Dependencies.................................................................................. 272

9.1.8.2     Event Processing and Interfaces................................................................................................... 273

9.1.9    Acquaintance......................................................................................................................................... 275

9.1.9.1     Acquaintance Dependencies and Interfaces................................................................................. 276

9.1.9.2     Acquaintance Package.................................................................................................................... 277

9.2       Architectural Frameworks.......................................................................................... 280

9.2.1    Model-View-Controller......................................................................................................................... 280

9.2.2    Presentation-Control-Mediator-Entity-Foundation........................................................................... 282

9.2.2.1     PCMEF Layers............................................................................................................................... 282

9.2.2.2     PCMEF Principles.......................................................................................................................... 284

9.2.2.3     Acquaintance in PCMEF+............................................................................................................. 285

9.2.2.4     Deployment of PCMEF Layers..................................................................................................... 287

9.3       Architectural Patterns................................................................................................. 287

9.3.1    Facade.................................................................................................................................................... 288

9.3.2    Abstract Factory.................................................................................................................................... 289

9.3.3    Chain of Responsibility......................................................................................................................... 290

9.3.4    Observer................................................................................................................................................ 291

9.3.5    Mediator................................................................................................................................................. 292

Summary............................................................................................................................... 294

Key Terms............................................................................................................................. 295

Review Questions................................................................................................................. 296

Problem-Solving Exercises.................................................................................................... 297

10       Database Design and Programming.................................................. 303

10.1     Quick Tutorial in Relational Databases from Software Engineering Viewpoint........... 304

10.1.1     Table................................................................................................................................................... 304

10.1.2     Referential Integrity........................................................................................................................... 306

10.1.3     Conceptual versus Logical Database Models.................................................................................... 308

10.1.4     Implementing Business Rules............................................................................................................ 309

10.1.5     Programming Database Application Logic...................................................................................... 311

10.1.6     Indexes................................................................................................................................................ 314

10.2     Mapping Transient Objects to Persistent Records...................................................... 317

10.2.1     Object Databases, SQL:1999, and Impedance Mismatch................................................................ 317

10.2.2     Object-Relational Mapping............................................................................................................... 318

10.2.2.1   Mapping One-to-Many Association and Aggregation................................................................. 319

10.2.2.2   Mapping Many-to-Many Association............................................................................................ 320

10.2.2.3   Mapping One-to-One Association................................................................................................ 321

10.2.2.4   Mapping One-to-Many Recursive Association............................................................................. 322

10.2.2.5   Mapping Many-to-Many Recursive Association........................................................................... 323

10.2.2.6   Mapping Generalization................................................................................................................. 324

10.3     Database Design and Creation for Email Management.............................................. 325

10.3.1     Database Model.................................................................................................................................. 326

10.3.2     Creating Database Schema................................................................................................................ 327

10.3.3     Sample Database Content.................................................................................................................. 328

Summary............................................................................................................................... 329

Key Terms............................................................................................................................. 330

Review Questions.................................................................................................................. 331

Problem-Solving Exercises.................................................................................................... 332

11    Class and Interaction Design............................................................... 333

11.1      Finding Classes from Use Case Requirements............................................................ 334

11.1.1     Finding Classes from Use Case Requirements for Email Management.......................................... 335

11.1.2     Initial Class Design for Email Management..................................................................................... 339

11.1.2.1   Constants in Interface.................................................................................................................... 341

11.2     Architectural Elaboration of Class Design.................................................................. 341

11.2.1     Architectural Elaboration of Class Design for Email Management............................................... 342

11.2.2     Class Design for Email Management after Architectural Elaboration........................................... 346

11.2.3     Class Instantiation.............................................................................................................................. 347

11.2.3.1   Who Instantiates the First Object?................................................................................................ 348

11.2.3.2   Instantiation Diagram for Email Management............................................................................. 348

11.3     Interactions................................................................................................................ 349

11.3.1     Sequence Diagrams............................................................................................................................ 349

11.3.2     Communication Diagrams................................................................................................................. 351

11.3.3     Interaction Overview Diagrams........................................................................................................ 353

11.4     Interactions for Email Management........................................................................... 354

11.4.1     The "Login" Interaction.................................................................................................................... 355

11.4.2     The "Exit" Interaction....................................................................................................................... 357

11.4.3     The "View Unsent Messages" Interaction........................................................................................ 357

11.4.4     The "Display Message Text" Interaction.......................................................................................... 359

11.4.5     The "Email Message" Interaction..................................................................................................... 360

11.4.6     The "Incorrect User Name or Password" Interaction..................................................................... 362

11.4.7     The "Incorrect Option" Interaction................................................................................................. 362

11.4.8     The "Too Many Messages" Interaction............................................................................................ 363

11.4.9     The "Email Could Not Be Sent" Interaction................................................................................... 364

Summary............................................................................................................................... 365

Key Terms............................................................................................................................. 366

Review Questions................................................................................................................. 366

Problem-Solving Exercises.................................................................................................... 367

12       Programming and Testing.................................................................. 370

12.1     Quick Tutorial in Java from Software Engineering Viewpoint..................................... 370

12.1.1     Class.................................................................................................................................................... 371

12.1.2     Class Associations and Collections................................................................................................... 374

12.1.2.1   From Conceptual to Design Class Model..................................................................................... 374

12.1.2.2   Java Collections.............................................................................................................................. 375

12.1.2.3   Associations on Entity Objects...................................................................................................... 377

12.1.2.4   C++ Parameterized Types............................................................................................................. 378

12.1.3     Database Access in Java..................................................................................................................... 381

12.1.3.1   Comparison of JDBC and SQLJ................................................................................................... 381

12.1.3.2   Establishing Database Connection................................................................................................ 382

12.1.3.3   Executing SQL Statements............................................................................................................. 384

12.1.3.4   Calling Stored Procedures and Functions..................................................................................... 387

12.2     Test-Driven Development........................................................................................... 389

12.2.1     JUnit Framework............................................................................................................................... 391

12.2.2     Test-Driven Development in Email Management........................................................................... 394

12.3     Acceptance and Regression Testing........................................................................... 399

12.3.1     Test Scripts in Email Management.................................................................................................... 401

12.3.2     Test Input, Output, and Regression Testing in Email Management............................................... 402

12.3.3     Implementation of Test Script in Email Management..................................................................... 404

12.4     Iteration 1 Runtime Screenshots................................................................................. 408

Summary............................................................................................................................... 413

Key Terms............................................................................................................................. 413

Review Questions.................................................................................................................. 414

Problem-Solving Exercises.................................................................................................... 416

13       Iteration 1 Annotated Code................................................................. 418

13.1     Code Overview............................................................................................................ 418

13.2     Package Acquaintance............................................................................................... 420

13.2.1     Interface IAConstants....................................................................................................................... 421

13.2.2     Interface IAEmployee....................................................................................................................... 421

13.2.3     Interface IAContact........................................................................................................................... 422

13.2.4     Interface IAOutMessage.................................................................................................................... 424

13.3     Package Presentation................................................................................................. 425

13.3.1     Class PMain........................................................................................................................................ 425

13.3.2     Class PConsole................................................................................................................................... 426

13.3.2.1   Constructing PConsole object....................................................................................................... 427

13.3.2.2   Displaying Login and Menu........................................................................................................... 428

13.3.2.3   Viewing Outmessages..................................................................................................................... 429

13.3.2.4   Requesting to Email an Outmessage.............................................................................................. 432

13.4     Package Control......................................................................................................... 433

13.4.1     Class CActioner.................................................................................................................................. 433

13.4.1.1   Constructing CActioner object...................................................................................................... 435

13.4.1.2   Initiating Login............................................................................................................................... 435

13.4.1.3   Routing Retrieval of Outmessages................................................................................................. 436

13.4.1.4   Emailing an Outmessage................................................................................................................ 436

13.4.1.5   Using JavaMailT API.................................................................................................................... 437

13.5     Package Entity........................................................................................................... 439

13.5.1     Interface IEDataSupplier................................................................................................................... 439

IEDataSupplier Method Summary.............................................................................................................. 439

13.5.1.1   Object Identifiers and Identity Field Pattern................................................................................ 440

13.5.2     Class EEmployee................................................................................................................................ 441

EEmployee Method Summary.................................................................................................................... 442

13.5.2.1   Constructing EEmployee object.................................................................................................... 442

13.5.2.2   Getting Unsent Outmessages......................................................................................................... 442

13.5.2.3   Removing Sent Outmessages......................................................................................................... 443

13.5.3     Class EContact................................................................................................................................... 443

EEmployee Method Summary.................................................................................................................... 444

13.5.3.1   Constructing EContact objects...................................................................................................... 444

13.5.3.2   Getting Unsent Outmessages......................................................................................................... 445

13.5.3.3   Removing Sent Outmessages......................................................................................................... 445

13.5.4     Class EOutMessage............................................................................................................................ 445

EOutMessage Field Summary...................................................................................................................... 446

EOutMessage Method Summary................................................................................................................. 447

13.5.4.1   Constructing EOutMessage objects............................................................................................... 447

13.5.4.2   Getting and Setting a Contact for Outmessage............................................................................ 447

13.5.4.3   Getting and Setting a Creator Employee for Outmessage........................................................... 448

13.5.4.4   Getting and Setting a Sender Employee for Outmessage............................................................ 448

13.6     Package Mediator...................................................................................................... 449

13.6.1     Class MBroker.................................................................................................................................... 449

MBroker Field Summary.............................................................................................................................. 449

MBroker Method Summary......................................................................................................................... 450

13.6.1.1   Constructing MBroker Object....................................................................................................... 451

13.6.1.2   Requesting Login Connection....................................................................................................... 452

13.6.1.3   Creating Employees Cache............................................................................................................ 452

13.6.1.4   Retrieving Unsent Outmessages.................................................................................................... 453

13.6.1.5   Creating Outmessages Cache......................................................................................................... 455

13.6.1.6   Creating Contacts Cache................................................................................................................ 455

13.6.1.7   Updating Outmessage after Emailing and Restoring the Cache.................................................. 456

13.7     Package Foundation.................................................................................................. 457

13.7.1     Class FConnection............................................................................................................................. 457

FConnection Field Summary...................................................................................................................... 458

FConnection Method Summary.................................................................................................................. 458

13.7.1.1   Constructing FConnection Object................................................................................................ 458

13.7.1.2   Obtaining Database Connection................................................................................................... 459

13.7.2     Class FReader..................................................................................................................................... 460

FReader Method Summary.......................................................................................................................... 460

13.7.3     Class FWriter...................................................................................................................................... 460

FWriter Method Summary........................................................................................................................... 460

Summary............................................................................................................................... 461

Key Terms............................................................................................................................. 461

Iteration 1 Questions and Exercises...................................................................................... 462

Part C - Software Refactoring and User Interface Development............... 463

14       Iteration 2 Requirements and Object Model..................................... 464

14.1     Use Case Model......................................................................................................... 464

14.2     Use Case Document................................................................................................... 466

14.2.1     Brief Description, Preconditions and Postconditions..................................................................... 466

14.2.2     Basic Flow........................................................................................................................................... 467

14.2.3     Subflows............................................................................................................................................. 468

14.2.4     Exception Flows................................................................................................................................ 473

14.3     Conceptual Classes and Relational Tables................................................................. 474

14.4     Supplementary Specification....................................................................................... 476

Summary............................................................................................................................... 478

Key Terms............................................................................................................................. 478

Review Questions................................................................................................................. 478

15       Architectural Refactoring.................................................................... 479

15.1     Refactoring Targets.................................................................................................... 480

15.2     Refactoring Methods.................................................................................................. 480

15.2.1     Extract Class....................................................................................................................................... 481

15.2.2     Subsume Method................................................................................................................................ 482

15.2.3     Extract Interface................................................................................................................................ 484

15.3     Refactoring Patterns................................................................................................... 485

15.3.1     Identity Map....................................................................................................................................... 486

15.3.2     Data Mapper....................................................................................................................................... 488

15.3.2.1   Load - Check-out........................................................................................................................... 490

15.3.2.2   Unload - Check-in......................................................................................................................... 490

15.3.3     Alternative Data Mapper Strategies.................................................................................................. 492

15.3.3.1   Many Data Mappers....................................................................................................................... 493

15.3.3.2   Metadata Mapping.......................................................................................................................... 493

15.3.4     Lazy Load........................................................................................................................................... 495

15.3.4.1   Lazy Initialization........................................................................................................................... 495

15.3.4.2   Virtual Proxy................................................................................................................................... 496

15.3.4.3   OID Proxy...................................................................................................................................... 498

15.3.4.3.1    Navigation in Identity Map..................................................................................................... 499

15.3.4.3.2    Navigation in Entity Classes................................................................................................... 502

15.3.5     Unit of Work...................................................................................................................................... 504

15.4     Refactored Class Model.............................................................................................. 505

Summary............................................................................................................................... 507

Key Terms............................................................................................................................. 508

Review Questions................................................................................................................. 509

Problem-Solving Exercises.................................................................................................... 510

16       User Interface Design and Programming........................................... 511

16.1     User Interface Design Guidelines............................................................................... 512

16.1.1     User in Control.................................................................................................................................. 513

16.1.2     Interface Consistency......................................................................................................................... 513

16.1.3     Interface Forgiveness......................................................................................................................... 514

16.1.4     Interface Adaptability........................................................................................................................ 515

16.2     User Interface Components........................................................................................ 515

16.2.1     Containers.......................................................................................................................................... 516

16.2.1.1   Layout Management....................................................................................................................... 519

16.2.1.2   Layering Management.................................................................................................................... 521

16.2.2     Menus.................................................................................................................................................. 521

16.2.3     Controls.............................................................................................................................................. 523

16.3     User Interface Event Handling................................................................................... 525

16.4     Patterns and UI......................................................................................................... 529

16.4.1     Observer............................................................................................................................................. 529

16.4.2     Decorator........................................................................................................................................... 531

16.4.3     Chain of Responsibility..................................................................................................................... 531

16.4.4     Command........................................................................................................................................... 532

16.5     User Interface For Email Management....................................................................... 533

Summary............................................................................................................................... 537

Key Terms............................................................................................................................. 538

Review Questions................................................................................................................. 539

Problem-Solving Exercises.................................................................................................... 540

17       Web-based User Interface Design and Programming....................... 542

17.1     Enabling Technologies for Web Client Tier................................................................ 543

17.1.1     Basic HTML....................................................................................................................................... 544

17.1.2     Scripting Language............................................................................................................................. 546

17.1.3     Applet: Thin and Thick..................................................................................................................... 548

17.2     Enabling Technologies for Web Server Tier................................................................ 553

17.2.1     Servlet................................................................................................................................................. 553

17.2.2     JSP....................................................................................................................................................... 556

17.3     Transactions on Stateless Internet Systems................................................................ 559

17.4     Patterns and the Web................................................................................................. 561

17.4.1     Observer............................................................................................................................................. 562

17.4.2     Composite.......................................................................................................................................... 563

17.4.3     Factory Method.................................................................................................................................. 564

17.4.4     Strategy............................................................................................................................................... 564

17.4.5     Decorator........................................................................................................................................... 565

17.4.6     Model-View-Controller..................................................................................................................... 565

17.4.7     Front Controller................................................................................................................................ 566

17.4.8     Reuse of Tags in JSP.......................................................................................................................... 567

17.4.9     Decoupled Control: Struts................................................................................................................. 571

17.5     Servlet Implementation of Email Management........................................................... 572

Summary............................................................................................................................... 580

Key Terms............................................................................................................................. 581

Review Questions................................................................................................................. 582

Problem-Solving Exercises.................................................................................................... 583

18       Iteration 2 Annotated Code................................................................. 584

18.1     Code Overview........................................................................................................... 584

18.2     Package Acquaintance............................................................................................... 586

18.2.1     Interface IAEmployee....................................................................................................................... 587

18.3     Package Presentation................................................................................................. 588

18.3.1     Class PWindow.................................................................................................................................. 589

18.3.1.1   Constructing and Launching PWindow........................................................................................ 590

18.3.1.2   Data Retrieval in PWindow........................................................................................................... 591

18.3.1.3   Filter Activation.............................................................................................................................. 593

18.3.2     Class PMessageDetailWindow........................................................................................................... 595

18.3.3     Class PMessageTableModel............................................................................................................... 597

18.3.4     Class PDisplayList.............................................................................................................................. 601

18.3.5     Class PDisplayList.Filter.................................................................................................................... 603

18.4     Control Package......................................................................................................... 605

18.4.1     Class CAdmin..................................................................................................................................... 605

18.4.2     Class CMsgSeeker............................................................................................................................... 606

18.5     Package Entity........................................................................................................... 608

18.5.1     Class EIdentityMap............................................................................................................................ 609

18.6     Package Mediator....................................................................................................... 611

18.6.1     Class MModerator.............................................................................................................................. 611

18.6.2     Class MDataMapper........................................................................................................................... 612

18.6.2.1   Outmessage Retrievals and Loading.............................................................................................. 614

18.6.2.2   Outmessage Saving and Unloading............................................................................................... 616

18.7     Presentation Layer: Applet Version............................................................................. 618

18.8     Presentation Layer: Servlet Version............................................................................. 620

18.8.1     Class PEMS........................................................................................................................................ 620

18.8.1.1   Login in Servlet............................................................................................................................... 622

18.8.1.2   Show Outmessages in Servlet......................................................................................................... 623

18.8.2     Class PEMSEdit................................................................................................................................. 626

Summary............................................................................................................................... 628

Key Terms............................................................................................................................. 629

Iteration 2 Questions and Exercises...................................................................................... 629

Part D - Data Engineering and Business Components............................. 632

19       Iteration 3 Requirements and Object Model..................................... 634

19.1     Use Case Model......................................................................................................... 634

19.2     Use Case Document................................................................................................... 636

19.2.1     Brief Description, Preconditions and Postconditions..................................................................... 636

19.2.2     Basic Flow........................................................................................................................................... 637

19.2.3     Subflows............................................................................................................................................. 639

19.2.4     Exception Flows................................................................................................................................ 647

19.3     Conceptual Classes and Relational Tables................................................................. 648

19.4     Supplementary Specification....................................................................................... 652

19.5     Database Specification............................................................................................... 653

Summary............................................................................................................................... 655

Key Terms............................................................................................................................. 655

Review Questions................................................................................................................. 655

20      Security and Integrity.......................................................................... 657

20.1     Designing Security..................................................................................................... 657

20.1.1     Discretionary Authorization.............................................................................................................. 658

20.1.1.1   System and Object Privileges......................................................................................................... 659

20.1.1.2   Programmatic Discretionary Authorization................................................................................. 662

20.1.1.2.1    Using Views............................................................................................................................. 662

20.1.1.2.2    Using Synonyms...................................................................................................................... 664

20.1.1.2.3    Using Stored Procedures and Functions................................................................................ 665

20.1.2     Mandatory Authorization.................................................................................................................. 667

20.1.3     Enterprise Authorization................................................................................................................... 669

20.2     Designing Integrity.................................................................................................... 673

20.2.1     Null and Default Constraints............................................................................................................ 673

20.2.2     Domain and Check Constraints........................................................................................................ 674

20.2.3     Unique and Primary Keys.................................................................................................................. 675

20.2.4     Foreign Keys...................................................................................................................................... 676

20.2.5     Triggers............................................................................................................................................... 677

20.3     Security and Integrity in Email Management............................................................. 682

20.3.1     Security in Email Management.......................................................................................................... 682

20.3.1.1   Explicit Authorization Table......................................................................................................... 685

20.3.1.2   Using Individual Schemas, Global Schema, and Stored Procedures........................................... 686

20.3.1.3   Using Individual Schemas, Global Schema, Views, and Stored Procedures............................... 687

20.3.1.4   Authorization Administration....................................................................................................... 689

20.3.2     Integrity in Email Management......................................................................................................... 691

Summary............................................................................................................................... 693

Key Terms............................................................................................................................. 694

Review Questions................................................................................................................. 695

Problem-Solving Exercises.................................................................................................... 696

21       Transactions and Concurrency.......................................................... 697

21.1     Concurrency in System Transactions.......................................................................... 698

21.1.1     ACID Properties................................................................................................................................ 699

21.1.2     Isolation Levels.................................................................................................................................. 700

21.1.3     Lock Modes and Levels..................................................................................................................... 701

21.1.4     Transactional Models......................................................................................................................... 702

21.1.5     Concurrency Control Schemes.......................................................................................................... 705

21.2     Concurrency in Business Transactions....................................................................... 708

21.2.1     Business Transaction Execution Contexts........................................................................................ 708

21.2.2     Business Transactions and Component Technology....................................................................... 709

21.2.3     Transaction Services Across Tiers..................................................................................................... 710

21.2.3.1   Web Tier.......................................................................................................................................... 711

21.2.3.2   Application Tier.............................................................................................................................. 711

21.2.3.3   Database Tier.................................................................................................................................. 713

21.2.4     Offline Concurrency Patterns........................................................................................................... 715

21.2.4.1   Unit of Work.................................................................................................................................. 715

21.2.4.2   Optimistic Offline Lock................................................................................................................. 717

21.2.4.3   Pessimistic Offline Lock................................................................................................................ 718

21.3     Transactions and Concurrency in Email Management................................................ 719

21.3.1     Flat Transaction Model...................................................................................................................... 720

21.3.2     Unit of Work and Transactional Support......................................................................................... 720

Summary............................................................................................................................... 723

Key Terms............................................................................................................................. 724

Review Questions................................................................................................................. 725

Problem-Solving Exercises.................................................................................................... 726

22      Business Components........................................................................ 728

22.1     Enterprise JavaBeans................................................................................................. 728

22.1.1     EJB Fundamentals............................................................................................................................. 731

22.1.2     Entity Beans........................................................................................................................................ 733

22.1.3     Session Beans...................................................................................................................................... 738

22.2     Business Components for Java................................................................................... 739

22.2.1     Creating Entity Components............................................................................................................ 739

22.2.1.1   XML for Entity Components........................................................................................................ 740

22.2.1.2   Java for Entity Components.......................................................................................................... 742

22.2.2     Creating View Components.............................................................................................................. 743

22.2.2.1   XML for View Components.......................................................................................................... 743

22.2.2.2   Java for View Components............................................................................................................ 744

22.2.3     Creating Application Module............................................................................................................ 745

Summary............................................................................................................................... 746

Key Terms............................................................................................................................. 747

Review Questions................................................................................................................. 747

23      Iteration 3 Annotated Code................................................................. 749

23.1     Code Overview........................................................................................................... 749

23.2     Package Acquaintance............................................................................................... 750

23.2.1     Interface IAReportEntry................................................................................................................... 751

23.3     Package Presentation................................................................................................. 752

23.3.1     Class PWindow.................................................................................................................................. 753

23.3.1.1   Populating Report Contact List..................................................................................................... 753

23.3.1.2   Report Window.............................................................................................................................. 753

23.3.1.3   Activity Report............................................................................................................................... 755

23.3.1.4   Printing Report............................................................................................................................... 756

23.3.1.5   Populating Report Table................................................................................................................ 757

23.3.1.6   Show Authorization Window........................................................................................................ 758

23.3.1.7   Conversion from Rule Matrix to Authorization Table................................................................ 760

23.3.1.8   Saving Modified Authorization Rules........................................................................................... 762

23.3.1.9   Conversion from Authorization Table to Rule Matrix................................................................ 762

23.3.1.10 Delete Outmessage......................................................................................................................... 763

23.3.1.11 Modify Outmessage........................................................................................................................ 764

23.3.1.12 Create Outmessage......................................................................................................................... 765

23.3.2     Class PTableWindow......................................................................................................................... 765

PTableWindow Method Summary.............................................................................................................. 765

23.3.2.1   Dynamic Registration of Buttons.................................................................................................. 766

23.3.2.2   Adding Listeners to Dynamically Generated Button................................................................... 767

23.3.2.3   Button Return Status...................................................................................................................... 768

23.3.2.4   Printing in PTableWindow............................................................................................................ 768

23.4     Package Control......................................................................................................... 769

23.5     Package Entity........................................................................................................... 770

23.5.1     Class EIdentityMap............................................................................................................................ 771

23.5.1.1   Report Registration and Removal................................................................................................. 772

23.5.1.2   Report Retrieval.............................................................................................................................. 773

23.6     Package Mediator...................................................................................................... 775

23.6.1     Class MModerator.............................................................................................................................. 775

23.6.1.1   Authorization Rules........................................................................................................................ 776

23.6.1.2   Report Retrieval.............................................................................................................................. 777

23.6.1.3   Creating Outmessage...................................................................................................................... 779

23.6.1.4   Updating Outmessage.................................................................................................................... 779

23.6.2     Class MDataMapper........................................................................................................................... 780

23.6.2.1   Changes to Previous Methods....................................................................................................... 781

23.6.2.2   Report Retrieval in MDataMapper................................................................................................ 782

23.6.2.3   Authorization Rules Loading in MDataMapper........................................................................... 784

23.6.2.4   Saving Authorization Rules in MDataMapper.............................................................................. 785

23.6.3     Class MUnitOfWork.......................................................................................................................... 786

23.6.3.1   Acquiring MUnitOfWork.............................................................................................................. 787

23.6.3.2   New Entity Registration in MUnitOfWork.................................................................................. 788

23.6.3.3   Dirty Entity Registration in MUnitOfWork................................................................................. 789

23.6.3.4   Entity Removal in MUnitOfWork................................................................................................. 789

23.6.3.5   Committing MUnitOfWork........................................................................................................... 790

23.6.3.6   Execution of Transaction............................................................................................................... 791

23.6.3.7   Starting Transaction....................................................................................................................... 792

23.7     Package Foundation.................................................................................................. 792

23.7.1     Transactions on FConnection........................................................................................................... 793

23.7.2     Execute Statements in FWriter.......................................................................................................... 794

23.7.3     Querying Database in FReader......................................................................................................... 795

23.8     Database Code........................................................................................................... 796

23.8.1     Ref Cursor for ResultSet.................................................................................................................... 796

23.8.2     Retrieval of OutMessages.................................................................................................................. 797

23.8.3     Retrieval of Departmental Outmessages........................................................................................... 798

23.8.4     Deleting Outmessage......................................................................................................................... 799

23.8.5     Creating Outmessage......................................................................................................................... 800

23.8.6     Report Generation............................................................................................................................. 801

23.8.7     Trigger on OutMessage Table........................................................................................................... 803

Summary............................................................................................................................... 804

Key Terms............................................................................................................................. 805

Iteration 3 Questions and Exercises...................................................................................... 805

Bibliography................................................................................................. 807

Index............................................................................................................. 813